Research Article | | Peer-Reviewed

Removal of PPCPs from Water by Adsorption on Activated Carbons

Received: 3 May 2026     Accepted: 14 May 2026     Published: 26 May 2026
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

This study demonstrated that activated carbon from waste PET bottle, could be used as an effective adsorbent for the removal of SMX and CBZ. Four adsorbents from waste PET bottle were experimented to remove SMX and CBZ from aqueous solution. The effects of various factors, such as the initial adsorbate concentration, temperature effect and contact time were investigated in series of experiments. To determine the effect of activation agent contents on SMX and CBZ adsorption, 1000 mg/l of SMX and CBZ was studied taking into account an initial concentration. The amount of each of the activated carbons used is 0.150 g and the shaking time used is 72 hours. The results of the adsorption tests showed the effectiveness of all adsorbents used for the elimination of the two PPCPS materials used. According to the removal capacity results of the 4 activated carbons used on the adsorption of SMX and CBZ, it seems that the activated carbon 1/4 with composite with (Coal=1 and KOH=4) gave the highest adsorption quantity (251.12 mg/g and 250.195 mg/g, respectively for SMX and CBZ) followed by activated carbon 2/4 with composite with (Coal=2 and KOH=4) gave (241.37 mg/g and 248.77 mg/g, respectively for SMX and CBZ). On the other side the lowest adsorption capacity of 4/4 gave (194.17 mg/g and 240.301 mg/g, respectively for SMX and CBZ) were recorded for (Coal=4 and KOH=4). The pseudo-second order model and Langmuir isotherm showed a better description of experimental adsorption data for SMX and CBZ than others models used.

Published in World Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 11, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.wjac.20261102.11
Page(s) 25-36
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2026. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Sulfamethoxazole, Carbamazepine, Adsorption, Activated Carbon

References
[1] Anekwe Jennifer Ebele, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah, Stuart Harrad. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the freshwater aquatic environment. Emerging Contaminants, Volume 3, Issue 1, March 2017, Pages 1-16.
[2] Uttpal Anand, Bashir Adelodun, Carlo Cabreros, Pankaj Kumar, S. Suresh, Abhijit Dey, Florencio Ballesteros Jr., Elza Bontempi, Occurrence, transformation, bioaccumulation, risk and analysis of pharmaceutical and personal care products from wastewater: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters (2022) 20: 3883–3904
[3] Ying Yao, Bin Gao, Hao Chen, Lijuan Jiang, Mandu Inyang, Andrew, Zimmerman, Xinde Cao, Liuyan Yang, Yingwen Xue, Hui Li. Adsorption of sulfamethoxazole on biochar and its impact on reclaimed water irrigation. Journal of Hazardous Materials Volumes 209–210, 30 March 2012, Pages 408-413
[4] Amelie Schwarz, Christian Strakos, Richard Weihrich. A Brief Review on Carbamazepine – History, Pharmacological Properties and Environmental Impact. Insi in Chem & Biochem. 1(4): 2021. ICBC. MS. ID.000519.
[5] Tanissorn Buakaew, Chavalit Ratanatamskul. A review of in-situ technologies for enhancement of the removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and mitigation of membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances 21 (2026) 100976.
[6] Ahmed Mostafa. Spectrophotometric and Multivariate Calibration Techniques for Simultaneous Determination of Different Drugs in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Human Urine: Evaluation of Greenness Profile. Hindawi Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry Volume 2020, Article ID 8873003, 15 pages
[7] Mavanga, M. T., Mankulu, K. J., Mayangi, M. M., Mbenza, P. A., Mana, K. D., Tayey, M. M. J., & Mbinze, J. K. The development and validation of an UV-Vis spectrophotometric method for the determination of ciprofloxacin in raw material and dosage forms. Orapuh Journal, 6(2), e1213
[8] Xu-Dan Yang, Bo Gong, Wei Chen, Jie-Jie Chen, Chen Qian, Rui Lu, Yuan Min, Ting Jiang, Liang Li, and Han-Qing Yu. In Situ Quantitative Monitoring of Adsorption from Aqueous Phase by UV–vis Spectroscopy: Implication for Understanding of Heterogeneous Processes. Advanced Science. 2024, 11, 2402732, pp. 1-8.
[9] Apurva Belhekar, Aditya Shivankar, Prof. Kadambari Ghatpande. Comparative Evaluation of Marketed Tablet Formulations by Uv Spectroscopy. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Applications Volume 10, Issue 4 July-Aug 2025, pp: 249-265.
[10] Bizi, M. Sulfamethoxazole Removal from Drinking Water by Activated Carbon: Kinetics and Diffusion Process. Molecules, 25(20) 2020, 4656.
[11] Jung, K.-W., Choi, B. H., Hwang, M.-J., Choi, J.-W., Lee, S.-H., Chang, J.-S., & Ahn, K.-H. Adsorptive removal of anionic azo dye from aqueous solution using activated carbon derived from extracted coffee residues. Journal of Cleaner Production, 166, 2017. 360 - 368.
[12] Matthias Thommes, Katsumi Kaneko, Alexander V. Neimark, James P. Olivier, Francisco Rodriguez-Reinoso, Jean Rouquerol and Kenneth S. W. Sing. Physisorption of gases, with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. 2015; 87(9-10): 1051–1069.
[13] Shamsudin, M. S., & Ismail, S. Thin adsorbent coating for contaminant of emerging concern (CEC) removal. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2124, 020044 (2019).
[14] Khan, M. A., et al. Adsorption of heavy metals and organic pollutants using activated carbon. Environmental Research, 186, 109–120(2020).
[15] Ungureanu, G., Santos, S., Boaventura, R., & Botelho, C. Adsorption of heavy metals onto activated carbon materials. Journal of Cleaner Production, 273. 122–135.
[16] Langmuir, I. (1918). The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 40(9), 2020, 1361–1403.
[17] Benzaoui, T., Selatnia, A., & Djebbar, M. Adsorption of copper (II) ions from aqueous solution using bottom ash of expired drugs incineration. Adsorption Science & Technology, 36, 2018, 114–129.
[18] Feng, Q., Zhan, Z., Chen, Y., Liu, L., Zhang, Z., & Chen, C. Adsorption and desorption characteristics of arsenic on soils: kinetics and equilibrium studies. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 18, 2013. 26–36,
[19] Senthil Kumar, P., Ramalingam, S., Abhinaya, R., & Kirupha, S. D. Adsorption of dye from aqueous solution using agricultural waste biomass. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 168(2–3), 2009, 1292–1299.
[20] Vargas, A. M. M., Cazetta, A. L., Kunita, M. H., Silva, T. L., & Almeida, V. C. (2011). Adsorption of methylene blue on activated carbon produced from flamboyant pods (Delonix regia). Chemical Engineering Journal, 168(2), 722–730.
[21] Lach, J., Okoniewska, E., & Włodarczyk-Makuła, M. (2018). Adsorption of pharmaceuticals from water on activated carbon. Water Science and Technology, 77(9), 2232–2242.
[22] Mestre, A. S., Pires, J., Nogueira, J. M. F., & Carvalho, A. P. (2007). Activated carbons for the adsorption of ibuprofen. Carbon, 45(10), 1979–1988.
[23] Amina Talhi, Souad Merabet, Loubna Bouhouf, Chahrazed Boukhalfa. Removal of Acid black 210 by adsorption on calcite. Desalination and Water Treatment 205 (2020) 407–411.
[24] Emmanuel D. Revellame, Dhan Lord Fortela , Wayne Sharp, Rafael Hernandez, Mark E. Zappi. Adsorption kinetic modeling using pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order rate laws: A review. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 1 (2020) 100032.
[25] Sousa, D. N. R., Insa, S., & Mozeto, A. A. Equilibrium and kinetics of antibiotics adsorption onto zeolites. Chemosphere, 205, 2018. 137–146.
[26] Xu, P., Zeng, G. M., Huang, D. L., Feng, C. L., Hu, S., Zhao, M. H., et al. Iron oxide nanomaterials in wastewater treatment. Science of the Total Environment, 424, (2012). 1–10.
[27] Boontham, P., et al. Adsorption of heavy metals using activated carbon from agricultural waste. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 4(3), (2016)? 3543–3552.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Cisse, M., Kante, M. D., Drame, M., Kante, C., Sakouvogui, A. (2026). Removal of PPCPs from Water by Adsorption on Activated Carbons. World Journal of Applied Chemistry, 11(2), 25-36. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20261102.11

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Cisse, M.; Kante, M. D.; Drame, M.; Kante, C.; Sakouvogui, A. Removal of PPCPs from Water by Adsorption on Activated Carbons. World J. Appl. Chem. 2026, 11(2), 25-36. doi: 10.11648/j.wjac.20261102.11

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Cisse M, Kante MD, Drame M, Kante C, Sakouvogui A. Removal of PPCPs from Water by Adsorption on Activated Carbons. World J Appl Chem. 2026;11(2):25-36. doi: 10.11648/j.wjac.20261102.11

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.wjac.20261102.11,
      author = {Moussa Cisse and Mamadou Dian Kante and Maimouna Drame and Cellou Kante and Ansoumane Sakouvogui},
      title = {Removal of PPCPs from Water by Adsorption on Activated Carbons},
      journal = {World Journal of Applied Chemistry},
      volume = {11},
      number = {2},
      pages = {25-36},
      doi = {10.11648/j.wjac.20261102.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20261102.11},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wjac.20261102.11},
      abstract = {This study demonstrated that activated carbon from waste PET bottle, could be used as an effective adsorbent for the removal of SMX and CBZ. Four adsorbents from waste PET bottle were experimented to remove SMX and CBZ from aqueous solution. The effects of various factors, such as the initial adsorbate concentration, temperature effect and contact time were investigated in series of experiments. To determine the effect of activation agent contents on SMX and CBZ adsorption, 1000 mg/l of SMX and CBZ was studied taking into account an initial concentration. The amount of each of the activated carbons used is 0.150 g and the shaking time used is 72 hours. The results of the adsorption tests showed the effectiveness of all adsorbents used for the elimination of the two PPCPS materials used. According to the removal capacity results of the 4 activated carbons used on the adsorption of SMX and CBZ, it seems that the activated carbon 1/4 with composite with (Coal=1 and KOH=4) gave the highest adsorption quantity (251.12 mg/g and 250.195 mg/g, respectively for SMX and CBZ) followed by activated carbon 2/4 with composite with (Coal=2 and KOH=4) gave (241.37 mg/g and 248.77 mg/g, respectively for SMX and CBZ). On the other side the lowest adsorption capacity of 4/4 gave (194.17 mg/g and 240.301 mg/g, respectively for SMX and CBZ) were recorded for (Coal=4 and KOH=4). The pseudo-second order model and Langmuir isotherm showed a better description of experimental adsorption data for SMX and CBZ than others models used.},
     year = {2026}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Removal of PPCPs from Water by Adsorption on Activated Carbons
    AU  - Moussa Cisse
    AU  - Mamadou Dian Kante
    AU  - Maimouna Drame
    AU  - Cellou Kante
    AU  - Ansoumane Sakouvogui
    Y1  - 2026/05/26
    PY  - 2026
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20261102.11
    DO  - 10.11648/j.wjac.20261102.11
    T2  - World Journal of Applied Chemistry
    JF  - World Journal of Applied Chemistry
    JO  - World Journal of Applied Chemistry
    SP  - 25
    EP  - 36
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2637-5982
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20261102.11
    AB  - This study demonstrated that activated carbon from waste PET bottle, could be used as an effective adsorbent for the removal of SMX and CBZ. Four adsorbents from waste PET bottle were experimented to remove SMX and CBZ from aqueous solution. The effects of various factors, such as the initial adsorbate concentration, temperature effect and contact time were investigated in series of experiments. To determine the effect of activation agent contents on SMX and CBZ adsorption, 1000 mg/l of SMX and CBZ was studied taking into account an initial concentration. The amount of each of the activated carbons used is 0.150 g and the shaking time used is 72 hours. The results of the adsorption tests showed the effectiveness of all adsorbents used for the elimination of the two PPCPS materials used. According to the removal capacity results of the 4 activated carbons used on the adsorption of SMX and CBZ, it seems that the activated carbon 1/4 with composite with (Coal=1 and KOH=4) gave the highest adsorption quantity (251.12 mg/g and 250.195 mg/g, respectively for SMX and CBZ) followed by activated carbon 2/4 with composite with (Coal=2 and KOH=4) gave (241.37 mg/g and 248.77 mg/g, respectively for SMX and CBZ). On the other side the lowest adsorption capacity of 4/4 gave (194.17 mg/g and 240.301 mg/g, respectively for SMX and CBZ) were recorded for (Coal=4 and KOH=4). The pseudo-second order model and Langmuir isotherm showed a better description of experimental adsorption data for SMX and CBZ than others models used.
    VL  - 11
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Sections